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Nace CP 1 Course Manual (536 pages)

Cathodic Protection Tester

Brand: Nace | Category: Test Equipment | Size: 9.99 MB

Acknowledgements
2
Important Notice
3
Cathodic Protection Tester Certification Application
4
Glossary of Terms
10
Examination Results
12
Nace Corrosion Network
14
Cathodic Protection Tester
15
Course Outline
15
The Course
16
Audience (Who Should Attend)
17
Experiments
17
Length
17
Prerequisites
17
Certification Application
18
Quizzes and Examinations
18
Attestation
23
Basic Electricity
24
Electrical Terms
24
Electrons
24
Voltage
24
Common Symbols for Voltage
25
Current
25
Resistance and Resistivity
26
Crossectional Area
27
Typical Resistivity of Common Materials
28
Electrical Schematic Diagram Symbols
29
Ohm’s Law
30
Electrical Laws
30
Basic DC Electrical Circuit
30
Electric Circuit
30
Current through a Resistor
31
Power
32
What Is the Current Flow?
32
Current Law
33
Kirchhoff’s Laws
33
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
33
Voltage Law
33
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
34
Series Circuit
34
Parallel Circuit
36
Series-Parallel Circuit
38
Series and Parallel Circuits Combined
39
Typical Alternating Current
41
Alternating Current (AC)
41
Pure Direct Current
41
Direct Current (DC)
41
DC Produced by Rectifying AC
42
Transformers
42
Impedance
43
Typical Transformer Wiring in a Rectifier
43
Meter Operation
44
Analog Meters
45
Basic Meter Movement
45
D'arsonval Movement (Voltmeter)
46
Ammeters
47
Ohmmeters
47
Voltmeters
47
Meter Hook up
48
Digital Meters
48
Basis of Operation
48
Resistor and Instrument Lab
52
Data Sheet
54
Diode Check
55
Measured Voltage Drops
55
Meter Fuses – Instructions for Replacement
56
Color Code for Resistors
57
Atoms
58
Basic Chemistry
58
Elements
58
Compounds (Molecules)
59
Ions
59
The Bohr Model of an Atom
59
Water Molecule
60
Acidity and Alkalinity (Ph)
60
Illustration of Acid and Alkaline Ph
61
Basic Electrochemistry
62
Effect of Ph on the Rate of Corrosion
62
Anodic Process (Half Reaction)
63
Oxidation
63
Cathodic Process (Half Reaction)
64
Reduction
64
Electrochemical Circuits
65
Electrolyte
65
Ionization
65
Anode Reactions
66
Corrosion Cell
66
Cathode Reactions
67
Typical Local Action Corrosion Cells on a Structure
67
External Circuit
68
Charge Transfer in the Electrolyte
68
Electron and Ion Flow
68
A Voltmeter Connection Is a Parallel Connection
69
Conventional Current Flow
69
Use of Voltmeters
69
Voltmeter Hook up
69
Current Direction
70
Polarity Sign
70
Sign Convention
71
Copper-Copper Sulfate Electrode
72
Reference Electrodes (Half-Cells)
72
Copper-Copper Sulfate Reference Electrode in Contact with Earth
73
Portable Copper-Copper Sulfate Reference Electrodes
73
Use and Care of Copper Sulfate Reference Electrodes
74
Elevation Difference Causes Water to Flow
75
Driving Force for Corrosion
75
Consumption Rate (K) for Various Metals
76
Corrosion Rate
76
Faraday’s Law
76
Polarization
77
Anode/Cathode Ratio
78
Factors that Affect the Corrosion Rate
78
Influence of the Environment
78
Moisture Content
78
Chemical Activity
79
Conductivity
79
Causes of Corrosion
80
Dissimilar Metals (Galvanic Corrosion)
80
Naturally Occurring Corrosion
80
Practical Galvanic Series
81
Alloying
82
Flashlight Battery as an Example of a Galvanic Cell
82
Graphite-Zinc Battery
82
Mechanical Stresses
82
Dissimilar Soils
83
Metal Ion Concentration Cell
83
Oxygen Concentration Cell
83
Temperature Differences in the Electrolyte
83
Metal Electrode Potentials in Tap Wate
84
Conclusions
85
Results
85
Corrosion-Cell
86
Potential Measurement
87
Polarized Potential Measurement
88
Current Direction in the External Circuit in Corrosion Cell
89
Experiment 2.3 Current Direction in the Electrolyte in Corrosion Cells
92
Reference Cell Maintenance
94
Conversions and Definitions
96
U.S. Customary/Metric Conversions
98
Materials Selection
99
Protective Coatings
99
Underground Corrosion Control
99
Underground or Submerged Structures
99
Bituminous Enamels
100
Exposure to Sunlight
100
Extruded Polyolefin and Polyethylene
100
Types of Mill Applied Underground Coatings
100
Two-Component Liquid Resin Coatings
101
Surface Preparation
101
Application
101
Girth Weld and Other Field Coatings
101
Electrical Isolation
102
Environmental Control
102
Maintenance Inspections
102
Adjustment of Ph
103
Inhibitors
103
Maintenance of Environmental Control
103
Cathodic Protection
104
Microscopic Corrosion Cell
104
Theory
104
Cathodic Protection on a Structure
105
Definition
105
Structures that Can be Cathodically Protected
106
Typical Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection
107
Anodes
107
Galvanic Anode Systems
107
Applications of Galvanic Anode Systems
108
Advantages of Galvanic Anodes
109
Component Parts of Galvanic Systems
109
Limitations of Galvanic Anodes
109
Magnesium
109
Aluminum
110
Galvanic Anode Efficiency
110
Zinc
110
Attachment to Structures
111
Backfill
111
Size and Shapes
111
Specifications of Galvanic Anode Systems
111
Typical Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
112
Impressed Current Systems
112
Applications of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
113
Power Sources
113
Advantages of Impressed Current Systems
114
Component Parts of Impressed Current Systems
114
Graphite
114
Limitations of Impressed Current Systems
114
Mixed Metal Oxide
115
Platinum
115
Conductive Polymer
116
Lead-Silver
116
Power Supply
116
Scrap Metal
116
Solar Panels
117
Cathodic Protection Rectifier Schematic
117
Engine-Generator Units
118
Wind Powered Generator Installation
118
Wind Powered Generators
118
Electrical Connections
119
Thermoelectric Generators
119
Coating
120
Factors Influencing Operation of Cathodic Protection
120
Moisture Content of Soil
120
Soil Texture
120
Glacial Till
121
Movement of Structure and Electrolyte
121
Oxygen Content
121
Temperature
121
Metal
122
Electrical Shielding
122
Make up of the Electrolyte
122
Cathodic Shielding Due to a Shorted Casing
122
Criteria for Cathodic Protection
123
Dielectric
123
NACE International Recommended Criteria
123
Ir Drop
124
Resistances
124
Voltage Drops in a Measuring Circuit
124
Recommended Criteria
126
Underground or Submerged Iron and Steel
126
Application of These Criteria
127
Structure-To-Electrolyte Potentials
127
Underground or Submerged Aluminum and Copper Piping
128
Offshore Platforms in Salt Water
128
Dissimilar Metal Situations
128
Above Ground Storage Tanks
129
Interiors of Steel Water Storage Tanks
129
Oil Heater-Treaters
129
Canada
130
International Standard ISO 15589-1
130
Steel Reinforced Concrete
130
Demonstrate Change in Polarized Potential with Time
136
Experiment to Demonstrate Change in Polarized Potential with Time
136
Safety
138
Safety Analysis Prior to Commencing Project
138
Electrical
139
Electrical Equipment (Rectifier) Case
139
Electrical Equipment (Rectifiers)
139
Cathodic Protection (CP) Rectifiers
140
Lock out / Tag out
141
Electrical Hazardous Areas
142
Explosions or Ignitions
142
Group Scissor Lock out / Tag out (LOTO)
142
Cathodic Protection Surveys
143
Induced AC Voltages
144
Excavations
145
Hazardous Material
145
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
145
Other General Precautions
146
Reaction Products
146
Calomel Reference Electrode
148
Field Measurements
148
Other Portable Reference Electrodes
148
Silver-Silver Chloride Reference Electrode
148
Stationary Reference Electrodes
149
Sulfate Reference Electrode
149
Basis of Measurement
150
Structure–To–Electrolyte Potential
150
Typical Applications
150
Voltmeter Ranges
150
Close Interval Potential Survey
151
Location of Reference Electrode
151
Pipe-To-Soil Potential Profile
152
Earth Current Flow and Surface Potential Measurements
153
Potential Measurement between Two Reference Electrodes
153
Recording Voltmeters
153
Voltage (IR) Drop in Potential Data
153
X-Y Plotters
154
Strip Chart Recorders
154
Data Loggers
154
Ammeter Connection
155
Measuring Current
155
Series Connection
155
Use of an Ammeter
155
Current Flow Sign
156
Current Range
156
Direction of Current Flow in an Ammeter Measurement
156
Clamp-On Ammeters
157
Shunts
157
Current Calculation
158
Shunt Measurement
158
Direction of Current Flow
159
Shunt Types and Values
161
Galvanic Anode Output
162
Current Flow on a Pipeline or Cable
163
Current Requirement Tests
163
Rectifier Current Output
163
2-Wire Line Current Test
164
Steel Pipe Resistance
166
Table of Pipe Resistances
166
4-Wire Line Current Test
167
Bond Current
169
Measuring Resistance
169
Typical Measurements
169
Using Ohm’s Law
169
Isolation Joint Test Using an Ohmmeter
170
Using an Ohmmeter
170
Purpose and Usage
171
Electrical Continuity
171
Accidental Contacts
172
Isolation (Insulating) Joints
172
Measuring Structure Continuity
173
Methods for Testing an Isolation Fitting Include
173
Testing Resistance between a Pipe and Casing
173
Diode Bias
174
Four-Pin (Wenner) Method of Measuring Soil Resistivity
175
Measuring Electrolyte Resistivity
175
Wenner Four-Pin Method
175
Average and Layer Resistivity
176
Resistivity Soil Box
177
Soil Box
177
Single Probe Soil Resistivity Measurement
178
Resistivity Probe
178
Measuring Ph
178
Use of Pipe Locating Devices
179
Conductive
180
Conductive Pipe Locator Principle
180
Example of a Conductive Pipe Locator
181
Inductive
181
Inductive Pipe Locator Principle
181
Coupon Measurements
182
Current Interrupter
182
Use of Current Interrupters
182
Definitions
184
Effects
184
Sources
184
Types of Stray Current
185
Steady State Stray Current
185
Dynamic Stray Current
185
Measurement Indications
186
Proximity of Possible Sources
186
Recording of Dynamic Stray Currents
186
Identification of Stray Current
186
Location of Foreign Structures and Rectifiers
188
Pipe-To-Soil Data Plot Indicating Cathodic Interference
188
Mitigation Bonds
189
Stray Current Corrosion Control
189
Mitigation with Cathodic Protection
191
Demonstration of Cathodic Interference
192
Reasons for Monitoring
194
Monitoring Cathodic Protection
195
Monitoring Requirements
195
Technical
197
Date, Time, and Weather
197
Recordkeeping
197
Importance of Good Record Keeping
197
Computer Records and Spreadsheets
198
Facility Maps and Work Documentation
198
Site Conditions
198
Sketches
198
Test Stations
200
Construction Notes
201
Environmental Factors
201
Types of Test Stations
202
Typical Post Mounted Potential Measurement Test Station
202
IR (Millivolt) Drop (Current Span)
203
Typical Flush Mounted Potential Measurement Test Station
203
Pipe Casing
204
IR Drop Test Station
204
Casing Test Station
205
Foreign Line Crossing
205
Foreign Line Crossing Test Station
206
Isolating Joint
206
Isolating Coupling
207
Isolating Union
207
Isolating Flange
208
Properly Isolated Casing
208
Coupons
209
Isolation Joint Test Station Mitigation Bond
209
Typical Coupon Test Station
210
Thermite (Exothermic) Welding
211
Wire Attachment
211
Thermite Weld Process
212
Galvanic (Sacrificial) Anodes
213
Mechanical
213
Prepackaged Anodes
214
Multiple Prepackaged Vertical Anodes
215
Single Prepackaged Vertical Anode
215
Bracelet Anodes
216
Non Packaged Anodes
216
Ribbon or Strip Anodes
216
Offshore Anodes
217
Typical Bracelet Anode
217
Aluminum Alloy Anodes for Offshore Structures
218
Impressed Current Groundbeds
218
Handling and Inspection of Anodes and Cable
219
Prepackaged Impressed Current Anode
220
Surface Groundbed Configurations
221
Vertical Anode Installation
221
Horizontal Anode Installation
222
Header Cable Installation
223
Horizontal Impressed Current Anode
223
Distributed Anode Configuration
224
Surface Remote Groundbed Configuration
224
Deep Anode Groundbed Configuration
225
Distributed Anode Groundbed Protecting Wharf Piling
225
Surface Distributed Anode Groundbed Configuration
225
Deep Anode Installation
227
Negative Circuit
227
Installation of Rectifiers or Other Power Sources
228
Rectifiers
228
DC Output
229
Anode Circuit (Positive Circuit)
229
AC Power and Wiring
229
Troubleshooting
230
Current Profile
231
Illustration of Shorted Structure
231
Testing a Pipeline
231
Locating a Short through Current Flow
232
Tone Generator
232
Casing Shorts
233
Using Audio Tone Locator to Find Shorts
233
Resistance Testing between a Casing and a Pipeline
234
Isolating Joint Shorts
235
Resistance Test Set-Up for an Isolating Joint
235
Cathodic Protection Levels
236
Improper Backfill
237
Galvanic and Impressed Current Groundbeds
237
Groundbed Malfunctions
237
Anode Deterioration
237
Drying of Soil
238
Routine Maintenance
238
Output Problems
239
Zero Current and Voltage Outputs
239
Locating a Short Circuit in a Rectifier Circuit
240
Significant Changes in both Voltage and Current Outputs
241
Significant Current Change with Unchanged Voltage
241
Zero Current Output with Unchanged Voltage Output
241
Appended Documents
242
Primary Reference
244
Nace Glossary of Corrosion-Related Terms
247
Reference Electrode Classifications
265
Element Types
265
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Reference Electrodes
265
Electrolyte Types
265
External Influences
266
Lights Effects
266
Reference Potential
266
Temperature Effects
266
Contamination Effects
267
Design Life of Permanent Cells
267
Electrolyte Concentration Effects
267
References
268
Standard Recommended Practice
269
Table of Contents
271
NACE International Standard Recommended Practice
271
1 General

272
2 Definitions

272
3 Determination of Need for External Corrosion Control

274
- Economic Factors Include the Following
  274
4 Piping System Design

275
- External Corrosion Control
  275
- Corrosion Control Test Stations
  276
5 External Coatings

277
- Storage, Handling, Inspection, and Installation
  278
6 Criteria and Other Considerations for Cathodic Protection

283
- Criteria for Copper
  286
- Criteria for Aluminum
  286
- Criteria for Steel and Cast Iron
  286
- Additional References
  286
- Bibliography for Section 6
  286
7 Design of Cathodic Protection Systems

288
- Design Drawings and Specifications
  291
- Bibliography for Section 7
  291
8 Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems

292
- Construction Specifications
  292
- Construction Supervision
  292
- Installing Anodes
  292
9 Control of Interference Currents

293
- Mechanism of Interference-Current Corrosion
  293
10 Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems

295
11 External Corrosion Control Records

296
- Installation of Interference Mitigation Facilities
  297
- References
  298
Appendix A-Interference Testing

299
Appendix B-Method for Determining Probable Corrosion Rate and Costs of Maintaining Service

300
Appendix C-Contingent Costs of Corrosion

300
Appendix B-Costs of Corrosion Control

300
- Recommended Practice
  302
- NACE International Standard
  304
- Definitions
  305
- General
  305
- Cathodic Protection of New UST Systems
  306
  - Factory-Fabricated CP Systems
    307
  - Metallic Piping
    307
  - Nonmetallic Piping
    307
  - Single- and Double-Wall Tanks
    307
  - Backfill Requirements
    308
  - Coatings
    308
  - Miscellaneous
    308
  - Cathodic Protection of Existing UST Systems
    309
    
    Integrity Assurance
    309
    
    On-Site Testing
    309
    
    Physical Description
    309
    
    Current Requirement
    310
    
    Laboratory Testing
    310
    
    Soil Resistivity
    310
  - Criteria for Cathodic Protection
    311
    
    Data Analysis
    311
    
    Alternative Reference Electrodes
    312
  - Cathodic Protection Design
    312
    
    Criteria for Steel Structures
    312
    
    Special Considerations
    312
    
    Galvanic Anode Installation
    313
    
    Galvanic Anode Selection
    313
    
    Anode Systems
    314
  - Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems
    315
    
    Wire and Connections
    315
    
    Current Adjustment
    317
  - Operation and Maintenance
    317
    
    Records
    317
    
    Maintenance of CP Facilities
    318
    
    Maintenance Surveys
    318
  - References
    319
  - Definitions
    323
  - General
    323
  - Structural Design for Corrosion Control
    325
  - Criteria for Cathodic Protection
    328
  - Design of Cathodic Protection Systems
    331
  - Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems
    337
  - Control of Interference Currents
    339
  - Dielectric Shields
    340
  - Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems
    340
  - Splash Zone Corrosion Control Measures
    342
  - Maintenance of Splash Zone Corrosion Control Measures
    343
  - Surface Preparation
    344
  - Coatings
    346
  - Coatings Inspection
    350
    
    Galvanizing
    350
    
    Job Orientation
    350
    
    Coating Application
    351
    
    Inspection Equipment
    351
    
    Job Evaluation and Records
    351
    
    Combination System
    352
  - Corrosion Control Records
    352
    
    CP Systems
    352
    
    Structure Potential Measurements
    352
    
    Coating and Cladding Systems
    353
  - References
    353
  - Bibliography
    355
- Structures in Selected Oil Provinces
  356
Appendix A-Typical Design Parameters for Offshore Petroleum Production

356
Appendix B-Energy Capabilities and Consumption Rates of Various Commercial Galvanic Anodes Available for Cathodic Protection of Offshore Structures

359
Appendix C-Consumption Rates in Seawater of Various Commercial Types of Impressed Current Anodes Available for Cathodic Protection of Offshore Structu

360
Appendix D-Typical Method for Calculation of Galvanic Anode Current Output Using Initial, Maintenance, and Final Current Densities

360
Appendix E-Typical Method of Calcuation of Galvanic Anode Current Output Using Design Slope and Maintenance Current Density

362
- Seawater
  362
- General
  367
- Definitions
  367
- Determination of the Need for Cathodic Protection
  368
  - Cathodic Protection of Uncoated Steel Tanks
    369
  - Design of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
    369
    
    Economic Considerations
    369
    
    Uncoated Tanks
    369
    
    Direct Current (DC) Power Source
    370
    
    Multiple-Circuit Systems
    370
    
    Output Current Capacity
    370
    
    Output Voltage Capacity
    370
    
    Hardware
    371
    
    Impressed Current Anode Materials
    371
  - Installation of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
    371
  - Criteria for Cathodic Protection and Measurement Procedures
    372
  - Measurement Procedures
    372
  - Automatic Impressed Current Systems
    373
    
    Power Source Unit
    373
    
    Annual
    374
    
    Impressed Current Anodes and Wiring
    374
    
    Monthly
    374
  - Operation and Maintenance
    374
  - Cathodic Protection System
    375
  - References
    375
  - Tank Information
    375
  - Definitions
    379
  - General
    379
  - Capacitive Coupling
    381
  - Exposures and Effects of Alternating Current and Lightning
    381
    
    Power Arc
    381
    
    Resistive Coupling (Electrolytic)
    381
  - Design Considerations for Protective Devices
    382
    
    Grounding Mats
    382
    
    Independent Structure Grounds
    382
    
    Bonding to Existing Structures
    383
    
    Casings
    383
    
    Distributed Anodes
    383
    
    Isolating Joints
    384
    
    Lightning Arresters and Metal Oxide Varistors
    384
    
    Maximum 60 Hz Fault Currents—Grounding Cables
    384
    
    Average Impedance for Various Conductor Sizes
    388
  - Personnel Protection
    388
    
    Stray Direct Current Areas
    388
    
    60-Hz Alternating Current Values Affecting Human Beings
    389
  - AC and Corrosion Control Considerations
    391
  - And Safety Systems
    393
  - References
    394
  - Bibliography
    395
Appendix A-Wire Gauge Conversions

395
- Human Resistance to Electrical Curren
  389
- Internal Cathodic Protection Systems in Oil-Treating Vessels
  396
- Definitions
  399
- General
  399
- Design and Selection of Cathodic Protection System
  400
- Determination of Need for Cathodic Protection
  400
- Anode Installation
  402
  - Internally Supported
    402
  - Vertical Suspension
    402
  - Vessel Wall Placement
    402
  - Coupon Tests
    403
  - Criteria for Protection
    403
  - Monitoring, Records, and Maintenance
    403
  - Reference Electrode Entrance
    403
  - Steel-To-Water Potential
    403
  - References
    404
  - Safety
    404
  - Definitions
    408
  - General
    408
  - Preliminary Evaluation and Determination of the Need for Cathodic Protection
    409
  - Figure 1: Soil Resistivity Testing (Four-Pin Method)
    410
  - Criteria for Cathodic Protection
    412
  - Figure 2: Temporary Groundbed for Current Requirement Testing
    412
  - Figure 3: Stray Current Corrosion
    413
  - General Considerations for Cathodic Protection Design
    414
    
    Cathodic Protection System Characteristics
    415
    
    Tank System Configuration
    415
  - Design Considerations for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
    416
  - Figure 4: Vertically Drilled Anode CP System
    416
  - Figure 5: Angled Anode Cathodic Protection System
    417
  - Figure 6: Deep Anode Groundbed
    417
  - Figure 7: Horizontally Installed Anode Groundbed
    417
  - Design Considerations for Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection
    418
  - 8.2 Release-Prevention Barriers
    419
  - Design Considerations - Cathodic Protection for Tanks with Replacement Bottoms or
    419
  - Cathodic Protection Anodes
    420
  - Figure 8: Typical Double-Bottom Cathodic Protection Layout (Impressed or Sacrificial)
    420
  - Figure 10: Typical New Tank or Double-Bottom Impressed Current Anode Design
    421
  - Figure 9: Typical Double-Bottom Galvanic Anode Design
    421
  - Installation Considerations
    422
    
    Figure 11: Perforated Pipe Installed for Reference Electrode
    423
    
    Test Stations and Junction Boxes
    423
    
    Design Parameters
    424
  - Energizing and Testing
    424
    
    Initial Data
    424
    
    Monitoring Cathodic Protection Systems
    425
  - Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems
    425
  - Bibliography
    426
  - Recordkeeping
    426
  - References
    426
  - Definitions
    431
  - General
    431
  - Coated Steel Tanks
    432
  - Determination of Need for CP
    432
    
    Design of Galvanic Anode CP Systems
    433
    
    Uncoated Steel Tanks
    433
    
    Current Output
    434
    
    Galvanic Anode Life
    434
  - Installation of Galvanic Anode CP Systems
    435
  - Typical Galvanic Anode Materials and Characteristics
    435
  - Criteria for CP
    436
  - Criteria for Steel Water Tanks
    436
  - Operation and Maintenance
    437
    
    Annual Inspections
    438
    
    Anode Replacement
    438
    
    Cp
    438
    
    Water Information
    438
  - References
    439
  - Background
    443
  - Criteria
    443
  - General
    443
    
    Scope and Limitations
    443
    
    100-MV Polarization Development/Decay
    444
    
    Typical Polarization Decay Curve
    445
    
    Typical Polarization Development Curve Showing “Instant-Off”
    445
  - Design of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
    446
    
    E-Log I Test
    446
    
    Structural Considerations
    447
    
    Component Installation Inspection
    448
  - Energizing and System Adjustment
    448
  - Installation Practices
    448
  - System Energizing and Adjustment
    448
  - Operation and Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
    449
  - Records
    450
  - References
    451
  - Bibliography
    452
Appendix A-Glossary of Terms

452
Appendix B-Additional Information Useful for Design

453
Appendix C-Test Equipment

454
- Steel-Cased Pipeline Practices
  455
- Definitions
  458
- Design
  458
- General
  458
- Installation
  459
- Maintenance and Repair
  461
- Monitoring
  462
- Bibliography
  463
- References
  463
Appendix A: Typical Casing-Filling Procedures

464
Appendix B: Monitoring Techniques

465
- Establishing a Circuit for a Four-Wire IR Drop Test
  469
- Four-Wire IR Drop Test
  469
- Establishing the Circuit (Downstream [D/S] End)
  470
- Alternate Method: Lineal Conductance Values for the Casing
  472
- Casing Depolarization Test
  472
- Cycling the Rectifier
  472
- Casing Clear
  473
- Casing Shorted
  473
- Use of Pipe/Cable Locator
  474
- Pipe Data
  475
- Standard Test Method
  478
- NACE International Standard Test Method
  480
- Definitions
  481
- General
  481
- Instrumentation and Measurement Guidelines
  483
- Safety Considerations
  483
- Instrument Accuracy
  484
- Pipe-To-Electrolyte Potential Measurements
  484
Appendix A: Reference Electrodes

498
- Measurement Techniques for Net Protective Current
  499
- Two-Reference-Electrode Surface Survey
  499
Appendix B: Net Protective Current

499
Appendix C: Using Coupons to Determine Adequacy of Cathodic Protection

505
Appendix A: Using Coupons to Determine the Adequacy of Cathodic Protection

532

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Table of Contents

1 General

2 Definitions

3 Determination of Need for External Corrosion Control

4 Piping System Design

5 External Coatings

6 Criteria and Other Considerations for Cathodic Protection

7 Design of Cathodic Protection Systems

8 Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems

9 Control of Interference Currents

10 Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems

11 External Corrosion Control Records

Appendix A-Interference Testing

Appendix B-Method for Determining Probable Corrosion Rate and Costs of Maintaining Service

Appendix C-Contingent Costs of Corrosion

Appendix B-Costs of Corrosion Control

Appendix A-Typical Design Parameters for Offshore Petroleum Production

Appendix B-Energy Capabilities and Consumption Rates of Various Commercial Galvanic Anodes Available for Cathodic Protection of Offshore Structures

Appendix C-Consumption Rates in Seawater of Various Commercial Types of Impressed Current Anodes Available for Cathodic Protection of Offshore Structu

Appendix D-Typical Method for Calculation of Galvanic Anode Current Output Using Initial, Maintenance, and Final Current Densities

Appendix E-Typical Method of Calcuation of Galvanic Anode Current Output Using Design Slope and Maintenance Current Density

Appendix A-Wire Gauge Conversions

Appendix A-Glossary of Terms

Appendix B-Additional Information Useful for Design

Appendix C-Test Equipment

Appendix A: Typical Casing-Filling Procedures

Appendix B: Monitoring Techniques

Appendix A: Reference Electrodes

Appendix B: Net Protective Current

Appendix C: Using Coupons to Determine Adequacy of Cathodic Protection

Appendix A: Using Coupons to Determine the Adequacy of Cathodic Protection

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